Introduced version * Directories should be noted by suffixing it with a trailing slash (/) * * @since 3.2.0 * @since 4.7.0 New themes were not automatically installed for 4.4-4.6 on * upgrade. New themes are now installed again. To disable new * themes from being installed on upgrade, explicitly define * CORE_UPGRADE_SKIP_NEW_BUNDLED as true. * @global array $_new_bundled_files * @var array * @name $_new_bundled_files */ global $_new_bundled_files; $_new_bundled_files = array( 'plugins/akismet/' => '2.0', 'themes/twentyten/' => '3.0', 'themes/twentyeleven/' => '3.2', 'themes/twentytwelve/' => '3.5', 'themes/twentythirteen/' => '3.6', 'themes/twentyfourteen/' => '3.8', 'themes/twentyfifteen/' => '4.1', 'themes/twentysixteen/' => '4.4', 'themes/twentyseventeen/' => '4.7', 'themes/twentynineteen/' => '5.0', 'themes/twentytwenty/' => '5.3', 'themes/twentytwentyone/' => '5.6', ); /** * Upgrades the core of WordPress. * * This will create a .maintenance file at the base of the WordPress directory * to ensure that people can not access the web site, when the files are being * copied to their locations. * * The files in the `$_old_files` list will be removed and the new files * copied from the zip file after the database is upgraded. * * The files in the `$_new_bundled_files` list will be added to the installation * if the version is greater than or equal to the old version being upgraded. * * The steps for the upgrader for after the new release is downloaded and * unzipped is: * 1. Test unzipped location for select files to ensure that unzipped worked. * 2. Create the .maintenance file in current WordPress base. * 3. Copy new WordPress directory over old WordPress files. * 4. Upgrade WordPress to new version. * 4.1. Copy all files/folders other than wp-content * 4.2. Copy any language files to WP_LANG_DIR (which may differ from WP_CONTENT_DIR * 4.3. Copy any new bundled themes/plugins to their respective locations * 5. Delete new WordPress directory path. * 6. Delete .maintenance file. * 7. Remove old files. * 8. Delete 'update_core' option. * * There are several areas of failure. For instance if PHP times out before step * 6, then you will not be able to access any portion of your site. Also, since * the upgrade will not continue where it left off, you will not be able to * automatically remove old files and remove the 'update_core' option. This * isn't that bad. * * If the copy of the new WordPress over the old fails, then the worse is that * the new WordPress directory will remain. * * If it is assumed that every file will be copied over, including plugins and * themes, then if you edit the default theme, you should rename it, so that * your changes remain. * * @since 2.7.0 * * @global WP_Filesystem_Base $wp_filesystem WordPress filesystem subclass. * @global array $_old_files * @global array $_new_bundled_files * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. * @global string $wp_version * @global string $required_php_version * @global string $required_mysql_version * * @param string $from New release unzipped path. * @param string $to Path to old WordPress installation. * @return string|WP_Error New WordPress version on success, WP_Error on failure. */ function update_core( $from, $to ) { global $wp_filesystem, $_old_files, $_new_bundled_files, $wpdb; set_time_limit( 300 ); /** * Filters feedback messages displayed during the core update process. * * The filter is first evaluated after the zip file for the latest version * has been downloaded and unzipped. It is evaluated five more times during * the process: * * 1. Before WordPress begins the core upgrade process. * 2. Before Maintenance Mode is enabled. * 3. Before WordPress begins copying over the necessary files. * 4. Before Maintenance Mode is disabled. * 5. Before the database is upgraded. * * @since 2.5.0 * * @param string $feedback The core update feedback messages. */ apply_filters( 'update_feedback', __( 'Verifying the unpacked files…' ) ); // Sanity check the unzipped distribution. $distro = ''; $roots = array( '/wordpress/', '/wordpress-mu/' ); foreach ( $roots as $root ) { if ( $wp_filesystem->exists( $from . $root . 'readme.html' ) && $wp_filesystem->exists( $from . $root . 'wp-includes/version.php' ) ) { $distro = $root; break; } } if ( ! $distro ) { $wp_filesystem->delete( $from, true ); return new WP_Error( 'insane_distro', __( 'The update could not be unpacked' ) ); } /* * Import $wp_version, $required_php_version, and $required_mysql_version from the new version. * DO NOT globalise any variables imported from `version-current.php` in this function. * * BC Note: $wp_filesystem->wp_content_dir() returned unslashed pre-2.8. */ $versions_file = trailingslashit( $wp_filesystem->wp_content_dir() ) . 'upgrade/version-current.php'; if ( ! $wp_filesystem->copy( $from . $distro . 'wp-includes/version.php', $versions_file ) ) { $wp_filesystem->delete( $from, true ); return new WP_Error( 'copy_failed_for_version_file', __( 'The update cannot be installed because we will be unable to copy some files. This is usually due to inconsistent file permissions.' ), 'wp-includes/version.php' ); } $wp_filesystem->chmod( $versions_file, FS_CHMOD_FILE ); /* * `wp_opcache_invalidate()` only exists in WordPress 5.5 or later, * so don't run it when upgrading from older versions. */ if ( function_exists( 'wp_opcache_invalidate' ) ) { wp_opcache_invalidate( $versions_file ); } require WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/upgrade/version-current.php'; $wp_filesystem->delete( $versions_file ); $php_version = phpversion(); $mysql_version = $wpdb->db_version(); $old_wp_version = $GLOBALS['wp_version']; // The version of WordPress we're updating from. $development_build = ( false !== strpos( $old_wp_version . $wp_version, '-' ) ); // A dash in the version indicates a development release. $php_compat = version_compare( $php_version, $required_php_version, '>=' ); if ( file_exists( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/db.php' ) && empty( $wpdb->is_mysql ) ) { $mysql_compat = true; } else { $mysql_compat = version_compare( $mysql_version, $required_mysql_version, '>=' ); } if ( ! $mysql_compat || ! $php_compat ) { $wp_filesystem->delete( $from, true ); } $php_update_message = ''; if ( function_exists( 'wp_get_update_php_url' ) ) { $php_update_message = '
' . sprintf( /* translators: %s: URL to Update PHP page. */ __( 'Learn more about updating PHP.' ), esc_url( wp_get_update_php_url() ) ); if ( function_exists( 'wp_get_update_php_annotation' ) ) { $annotation = wp_get_update_php_annotation(); if ( $annotation ) { $php_update_message .= '
' . $annotation . ''; } } } if ( ! $mysql_compat && ! $php_compat ) { return new WP_Error( 'php_mysql_not_compatible', sprintf( /* translators: 1: WordPress version number, 2: Minimum required PHP version number, 3: Minimum required MySQL version number, 4: Current PHP version number, 5: Current MySQL version number. */ __( 'The update cannot be installed because WordPress %1$s requires PHP version %2$s or higher and MySQL version %3$s or higher. You are running PHP version %4$s and MySQL version %5$s.' ), $wp_version, $required_php_version, $required_mysql_version, $php_version, $mysql_version ) . $php_update_message ); } elseif ( ! $php_compat ) { return new WP_Error( 'php_not_compatible', sprintf( /* translators: 1: WordPress version number, 2: Minimum required PHP version number, 3: Current PHP version number. */ __( 'The update cannot be installed because WordPress %1$s requires PHP version %2$s or higher. You are running version %3$s.' ), $wp_version, $required_php_version, $php_version ) . $php_update_message ); } elseif ( ! $mysql_compat ) { return new WP_Error( 'mysql_not_compatible', sprintf( /* translators: 1: WordPress version number, 2: Minimum required MySQL version number, 3: Current MySQL version number. */ __( 'The update cannot be installed because WordPress %1$s requires MySQL version %2$s or higher. You are running version %3$s.' ), $wp_version, $required_mysql_version, $mysql_version ) ); } // Add a warning when the JSON PHP extension is missing. if ( ! extension_loaded( 'json' ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'php_not_compatible_json', sprintf( /* translators: 1: WordPress version number, 2: The PHP extension name needed. */ __( 'The update cannot be installed because WordPress %1$s requires the %2$s PHP extension.' ), $wp_version, 'JSON' ) ); } /** This filter is documented in wp-admin/includes/update-core.php */ apply_filters( 'update_feedback', __( 'Preparing to install the latest version…' ) ); // Don't copy wp-content, we'll deal with that below. // We also copy version.php last so failed updates report their old version. $skip = array( 'wp-content', 'wp-includes/version.php' ); $check_is_writable = array(); // Check to see which files don't really need updating - only available for 3.7 and higher. if ( function_exists( 'get_core_checksums' ) ) { // Find the local version of the working directory. $working_dir_local = WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/upgrade/' . basename( $from ) . $distro; $checksums = get_core_checksums( $wp_version, isset( $wp_local_package ) ? $wp_local_package : 'en_US' ); if ( is_array( $checksums ) && isset( $checksums[ $wp_version ] ) ) { $checksums = $checksums[ $wp_version ]; // Compat code for 3.7-beta2. } if ( is_array( $checksums ) ) { foreach ( $checksums as $file => $checksum ) { if ( 'wp-content' === substr( $file, 0, 10 ) ) { continue; } if ( ! file_exists( ABSPATH . $file ) ) { continue; } if ( ! file_exists( $working_dir_local . $file ) ) { continue; } if ( '.' === dirname( $file ) && in_array( pathinfo( $file, PATHINFO_EXTENSION ), array( 'html', 'txt' ), true ) ) { continue; } if ( md5_file( ABSPATH . $file ) === $checksum ) { $skip[] = $file; } else { $check_is_writable[ $file ] = ABSPATH . $file; } } } } // If we're using the direct method, we can predict write failures that are due to permissions. if ( $check_is_writable && 'direct' === $wp_filesystem->method ) { $files_writable = array_filter( $check_is_writable, array( $wp_filesystem, 'is_writable' ) ); if ( $files_writable !== $check_is_writable ) { $files_not_writable = array_diff_key( $check_is_writable, $files_writable ); foreach ( $files_not_writable as $relative_file_not_writable => $file_not_writable ) { // If the writable check failed, chmod file to 0644 and try again, same as copy_dir(). $wp_filesystem->chmod( $file_not_writable, FS_CHMOD_FILE ); if ( $wp_filesystem->is_writable( $file_not_writable ) ) { unset( $files_not_writable[ $relative_file_not_writable ] ); } } // Store package-relative paths (the key) of non-writable files in the WP_Error object. $error_data = version_compare( $old_wp_version, '3.7-beta2', '>' ) ? array_keys( $files_not_writable ) : ''; if ( $files_not_writable ) { return new WP_Error( 'files_not_writable', __( 'The update cannot be installed because we will be unable to copy some files. This is usually due to inconsistent file permissions.' ), implode( ', ', $error_data ) ); } } } /** This filter is documented in wp-admin/includes/update-core.php */ apply_filters( 'update_feedback', __( 'Enabling Maintenance mode…' ) ); // Create maintenance file to signal that we are upgrading. $maintenance_string = ''; $maintenance_file = $to . '.maintenance'; $wp_filesystem->delete( $maintenance_file ); $wp_filesystem->put_contents( $maintenance_file, $maintenance_string, FS_CHMOD_FILE ); /** This filter is documented in wp-admin/includes/update-core.php */ apply_filters( 'update_feedback', __( 'Copying the required files…' ) ); // Copy new versions of WP files into place. $result = _copy_dir( $from . $distro, $to, $skip ); if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) { $result = new WP_Error( $result->get_error_code(), $result->get_error_message(), substr( $result->get_error_data(), strlen( $to ) ) ); } // Since we know the core files have copied over, we can now copy the version file. if ( ! is_wp_error( $result ) ) { if ( ! $wp_filesystem->copy( $from . $distro . 'wp-includes/version.php', $to . 'wp-includes/version.php', true /* overwrite */ ) ) { $wp_filesystem->delete( $from, true ); $result = new WP_Error( 'copy_failed_for_version_file', __( 'The update cannot be installed because we will be unable to copy some files. This is usually due to inconsistent file permissions.' ), 'wp-includes/version.php' ); } $wp_filesystem->chmod( $to . 'wp-includes/version.php', FS_CHMOD_FILE ); /* * `wp_opcache_invalidate()` only exists in WordPress 5.5 or later, * so don't run it when upgrading from older versions. */ if ( function_exists( 'wp_opcache_invalidate' ) ) { wp_opcache_invalidate( $to . 'wp-includes/version.php' ); } } // Check to make sure everything copied correctly, ignoring the contents of wp-content. $skip = array( 'wp-content' ); $failed = array(); if ( isset( $checksums ) && is_array( $checksums ) ) { foreach ( $checksums as $file => $checksum ) { if ( 'wp-content' === substr( $file, 0, 10 ) ) { continue; } if ( ! file_exists( $working_dir_local . $file ) ) { continue; } if ( '.' === dirname( $file ) && in_array( pathinfo( $file, PATHINFO_EXTENSION ), array( 'html', 'txt' ), true ) ) { $skip[] = $file; continue; } if ( file_exists( ABSPATH . $file ) && md5_file( ABSPATH . $file ) == $checksum ) { $skip[] = $file; } else { $failed[] = $file; } } } // Some files didn't copy properly. if ( ! empty( $failed ) ) { $total_size = 0; foreach ( $failed as $file ) { if ( file_exists( $working_dir_local . $file ) ) { $total_size += filesize( $working_dir_local . $file ); } } // If we don't have enough free space, it isn't worth trying again. // Unlikely to be hit due to the check in unzip_file(). $available_space = @disk_free_space( ABSPATH ); if ( $available_space && $total_size >= $available_space ) { $result = new WP_Error( 'disk_full', __( 'There is not enough free disk space to complete the update.' ) ); } else { $result = _copy_dir( $from . $distro, $to, $skip ); if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) { $result = new WP_Error( $result->get_error_code() . '_retry', $result->get_error_message(), substr( $result->get_error_data(), strlen( $to ) ) ); } } } // Custom content directory needs updating now. // Copy languages. if ( ! is_wp_error( $result ) && $wp_filesystem->is_dir( $from . $distro . 'wp-content/languages' ) ) { if ( WP_LANG_DIR != ABSPATH . WPINC . '/languages' || @is_dir( WP_LANG_DIR ) ) { $lang_dir = WP_LANG_DIR; } else { $lang_dir = WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/languages'; } // Check if the language directory exists first. if ( ! @is_dir( $lang_dir ) && 0 === strpos( $lang_dir, ABSPATH ) ) { // If it's within the ABSPATH we can handle it here, otherwise they're out of luck. $wp_filesystem->mkdir( $to . str_replace( ABSPATH, '', $lang_dir ), FS_CHMOD_DIR ); clearstatcache(); // For FTP, need to clear the stat cache. } if ( @is_dir( $lang_dir ) ) { $wp_lang_dir = $wp_filesystem->find_folder( $lang_dir ); if ( $wp_lang_dir ) { $result = copy_dir( $from . $distro . 'wp-content/languages/', $wp_lang_dir ); if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) { $result = new WP_Error( $result->get_error_code() . '_languages', $result->get_error_message(), substr( $result->get_error_data(), strlen( $wp_lang_dir ) ) ); } } } } /** This filter is documented in wp-admin/includes/update-core.php */ apply_filters( 'update_feedback', __( 'Disabling Maintenance mode…' ) ); // Remove maintenance file, we're done with potential site-breaking changes. $wp_filesystem->delete( $maintenance_file ); // 3.5 -> 3.5+ - an empty twentytwelve directory was created upon upgrade to 3.5 for some users, preventing installation of Twenty Twelve. if ( '3.5' === $old_wp_version ) { if ( is_dir( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/themes/twentytwelve' ) && ! file_exists( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/themes/twentytwelve/style.css' ) ) { $wp_filesystem->delete( $wp_filesystem->wp_themes_dir() . 'twentytwelve/' ); } } /* * Copy new bundled plugins & themes. * This gives us the ability to install new plugins & themes bundled with * future versions of WordPress whilst avoiding the re-install upon upgrade issue. * $development_build controls us overwriting bundled themes and plugins when a non-stable release is being updated. */ if ( ! is_wp_error( $result ) && ( ! defined( 'CORE_UPGRADE_SKIP_NEW_BUNDLED' ) || ! CORE_UPGRADE_SKIP_NEW_BUNDLED ) ) { foreach ( (array) $_new_bundled_files as $file => $introduced_version ) { // If a $development_build or if $introduced version is greater than what the site was previously running. if ( $development_build || version_compare( $introduced_version, $old_wp_version, '>' ) ) { $directory = ( '/' === $file[ strlen( $file ) - 1 ] ); list( $type, $filename ) = explode( '/', $file, 2 ); // Check to see if the bundled items exist before attempting to copy them. if ( ! $wp_filesystem->exists( $from . $distro . 'wp-content/' . $file ) ) { continue; } if ( 'plugins' === $type ) { $dest = $wp_filesystem->wp_plugins_dir(); } elseif ( 'themes' === $type ) { // Back-compat, ::wp_themes_dir() did not return trailingslash'd pre-3.2. $dest = trailingslashit( $wp_filesystem->wp_themes_dir() ); } else { continue; } if ( ! $directory ) { if ( ! $development_build && $wp_filesystem->exists( $dest . $filename ) ) { continue; } if ( ! $wp_filesystem->copy( $from . $distro . 'wp-content/' . $file, $dest . $filename, FS_CHMOD_FILE ) ) { $result = new WP_Error( "copy_failed_for_new_bundled_$type", __( 'Could not copy file.' ), $dest . $filename ); } } else { if ( ! $development_build && $wp_filesystem->is_dir( $dest . $filename ) ) { continue; } $wp_filesystem->mkdir( $dest . $filename, FS_CHMOD_DIR ); $_result = copy_dir( $from . $distro . 'wp-content/' . $file, $dest . $filename ); // If a error occurs partway through this final step, keep the error flowing through, but keep process going. if ( is_wp_error( $_result ) ) { if ( ! is_wp_error( $result ) ) { $result = new WP_Error; } $result->add( $_result->get_error_code() . "_$type", $_result->get_error_message(), substr( $_result->get_error_data(), strlen( $dest ) ) ); } } } } // End foreach. } // Handle $result error from the above blocks. if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) { $wp_filesystem->delete( $from, true ); return $result; } // Remove old files. foreach ( $_old_files as $old_file ) { $old_file = $to . $old_file; if ( ! $wp_filesystem->exists( $old_file ) ) { continue; } // If the file isn't deleted, try writing an empty string to the file instead. if ( ! $wp_filesystem->delete( $old_file, true ) && $wp_filesystem->is_file( $old_file ) ) { $wp_filesystem->put_contents( $old_file, '' ); } } // Remove any Genericons example.html's from the filesystem. _upgrade_422_remove_genericons(); // Remove the REST API plugin if its version is Beta 4 or lower. _upgrade_440_force_deactivate_incompatible_plugins(); // Upgrade DB with separate request. /** This filter is documented in wp-admin/includes/update-core.php */ apply_filters( 'update_feedback', __( 'Upgrading database…' ) ); $db_upgrade_url = admin_url( 'upgrade.php?step=upgrade_db' ); wp_remote_post( $db_upgrade_url, array( 'timeout' => 60 ) ); // Clear the cache to prevent an update_option() from saving a stale db_version to the cache. wp_cache_flush(); // Not all cache back ends listen to 'flush'. wp_cache_delete( 'alloptions', 'options' ); // Remove working directory. $wp_filesystem->delete( $from, true ); // Force refresh of update information. if ( function_exists( 'delete_site_transient' ) ) { delete_site_transient( 'update_core' ); } else { delete_option( 'update_core' ); } /** * Fires after WordPress core has been successfully updated. * * @since 3.3.0 * * @param string $wp_version The current WordPress version. */ do_action( '_core_updated_successfully', $wp_version ); // Clear the option that blocks auto-updates after failures, now that we've been successful. if ( function_exists( 'delete_site_option' ) ) { delete_site_option( 'auto_core_update_failed' ); } return $wp_version; } /** * Copies a directory from one location to another via the WordPress Filesystem Abstraction. * * Assumes that WP_Filesystem() has already been called and setup. * * This is a standalone copy of the `copy_dir()` function that is used to * upgrade the core files. It is placed here so that the version of this * function from the *new* WordPress version will be called. * * It was initially added for the 3.1 -> 3.2 upgrade. * * @ignore * @since 3.2.0 * @since 3.7.0 Updated not to use a regular expression for the skip list. * * @see copy_dir() * @link https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/17173 * * @global WP_Filesystem_Base $wp_filesystem * * @param string $from Source directory. * @param string $to Destination directory. * @param string[] $skip_list Array of files/folders to skip copying. * @return true|WP_Error True on success, WP_Error on failure. */ function _copy_dir( $from, $to, $skip_list = array() ) { global $wp_filesystem; $dirlist = $wp_filesystem->dirlist( $from ); if ( false === $dirlist ) { return new WP_Error( 'dirlist_failed__copy_dir', __( 'Directory listing failed.' ), basename( $to ) ); } $from = trailingslashit( $from ); $to = trailingslashit( $to ); foreach ( (array) $dirlist as $filename => $fileinfo ) { if ( in_array( $filename, $skip_list, true ) ) { continue; } if ( 'f' === $fileinfo['type'] ) { if ( ! $wp_filesystem->copy( $from . $filename, $to . $filename, true, FS_CHMOD_FILE ) ) { // If copy failed, chmod file to 0644 and try again. $wp_filesystem->chmod( $to . $filename, FS_CHMOD_FILE ); if ( ! $wp_filesystem->copy( $from . $filename, $to . $filename, true, FS_CHMOD_FILE ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'copy_failed__copy_dir', __( 'Could not copy file.' ), $to . $filename ); } } /* * `wp_opcache_invalidate()` only exists in WordPress 5.5 or later, * so don't run it when upgrading from older versions. */ if ( function_exists( 'wp_opcache_invalidate' ) ) { wp_opcache_invalidate( $to . $filename ); } } elseif ( 'd' === $fileinfo['type'] ) { if ( ! $wp_filesystem->is_dir( $to . $filename ) ) { if ( ! $wp_filesystem->mkdir( $to . $filename, FS_CHMOD_DIR ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'mkdir_failed__copy_dir', __( 'Could not create directory.' ), $to . $filename ); } } /* * Generate the $sub_skip_list for the subdirectory as a sub-set * of the existing $skip_list. */ $sub_skip_list = array(); foreach ( $skip_list as $skip_item ) { if ( 0 === strpos( $skip_item, $filename . '/' ) ) { $sub_skip_list[] = preg_replace( '!^' . preg_quote( $filename, '!' ) . '/!i', '', $skip_item ); } } $result = _copy_dir( $from . $filename, $to . $filename, $sub_skip_list ); if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) { return $result; } } } return true; } /** * Redirect to the About WordPress page after a successful upgrade. * * This function is only needed when the existing installation is older than 3.4.0. * * @since 3.3.0 * * @global string $wp_version The WordPress version string. * @global string $pagenow * @global string $action * * @param string $new_version */ function _redirect_to_about_wordpress( $new_version ) { global $wp_version, $pagenow, $action; if ( version_compare( $wp_version, '3.4-RC1', '>=' ) ) { return; } // Ensure we only run this on the update-core.php page. The Core_Upgrader may be used in other contexts. if ( 'update-core.php' !== $pagenow ) { return; } if ( 'do-core-upgrade' !== $action && 'do-core-reinstall' !== $action ) { return; } // Load the updated default text localization domain for new strings. load_default_textdomain(); // See do_core_upgrade(). show_message( __( 'WordPress updated successfully.' ) ); // self_admin_url() won't exist when upgrading from <= 3.0, so relative URLs are intentional. show_message( '
' ); show_message( ' ' ); echo ''; ?> find_folder( trailingslashit( dirname( $file ) ) ); if ( empty( $gen_dir ) ) { continue; } // The path when the file is accessed via WP_Filesystem may differ in the case of FTP. $remote_file = $gen_dir . basename( $file ); if ( ! $wp_filesystem->exists( $remote_file ) ) { continue; } if ( ! $wp_filesystem->delete( $remote_file, false, 'f' ) ) { $wp_filesystem->put_contents( $remote_file, '' ); } } } /** * Recursively find Genericons example files in a given folder. * * @ignore * @since 4.2.2 * * @param string $directory Directory path. Expects trailingslashed. * @return array */ function _upgrade_422_find_genericons_files_in_folder( $directory ) { $directory = trailingslashit( $directory ); $files = array(); if ( file_exists( "{$directory}example.html" ) && false !== strpos( file_get_contents( "{$directory}example.html" ), '