Add internal_temperature component (#2611)

Co-authored-by: H. Árkosi Róbert <robreg@zsurob.hu>

components/sensor/internal_temperature.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Internal Temperature Sensor
+===========================
+
+.. seo::
+    :description: Instructions for setting up the integrated temperature sensor of the ESP32 and RP2040.
+    :image: thermometer.svg
+    :keywords: esp32, rp2040, cpu, internal, temperature
+
+The ``internal_temperature`` sensor platform allows you to use the integrated
+temperature sensor of the ESP32 and RP2040 chip.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Some ESP32 variants return a large amount of invalid temperature
+    values. Invalid measurements are ignored by this component.
+
+.. figure:: images/internal_temperature-ui.png
+    :align: center
+    :width: 70.0%
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+    # Example configuration entry
+    sensor:
+      - platform: internal_temperature
+        name: "Internal Temperature"
+
+Configuration variables:
+------------------------
+
+- **name** (**Required**, string): The name of the temperature sensor.
+- **update_interval** (*Optional*, :ref:`config-time`): The interval
+  to check the sensor. Defaults to ``60s``.
+- **id** (*Optional*, :ref:`config-id`): Manually specify the ID used for code generation.
+- All other options from :ref:`Sensor <config-sensor>`.
+
+See Also
+--------
+
+- :ref:`sensor-filters`
+- :ghedit:`Edit`

images/thermometer.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M15 13V5A3 3 0 0 0 9 5V13A5 5 0 1 0 15 13M12 4A1 1 0 0 1 13 5V8H11V5A1 1 0 0 1 12 4Z"/></svg>

index.rst

@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ Environmental
     HTU21D / Si7021 / SHT21, components/sensor/htu21d, htu21d.jpg, Temperature & Humidity
     Hydreon Rain Sensor, components/sensor/hydreon_rgxx, hydreon_rg9.jpg, Rain
     Inkbird IBS-TH1 Mini, components/sensor/inkbird_ibsth1_mini, inkbird_isbth1_mini.jpg, Temperature & Humidity
+    Internal Temperature, components/sensor/internal_temperature, thermometer.svg, Temperature
     MCP9808, components/sensor/mcp9808, mcp9808.jpg, Temperature
     MH-Z19, components/sensor/mhz19, mhz19.jpg, CO2 & Temperature
     MPL3115A2, components/sensor/mpl3115a2, mpl3115a2.jpg, Temperature & Pressure