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esphome-docs/components/time/index.rst
TheGroundZero dcd8c1d058
Add TZ timezone string examples (#2806)
2023-04-11 10:25:23 +02:00

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Time Component
==============
.. seo::
:description: Instructions for setting up real time clock sources in ESPHome like network based time.
:image: clock-outline.svg
:keywords: GPS, NTP, RTC, SNTP
The ``time`` component allows you to set up real time clock time sources for ESPHome.
You can then get the current time in :ref:`lambdas <config-lambda>`.
.. _base_time_config:
Base Time Configuration
-----------------------
All time configuration schemas inherit these options.
Configuration variables:
************************
- **id** (*Optional*, :ref:`config-id`): Specify the ID of the time for use in lambdas.
- **timezone** (*Optional*, string): Manually tell ESPHome what time zone to use with `this format
<https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/TZ-Variable.html>`__
(warning: the format is quite complicated, see `examples <https://github.com/nayarsystems/posix_tz_db/blob/master/zones.csv>`__)
or the simpler `TZ database name <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones>`__ in the form
:code:`<Region>/<City>`. ESPHome tries to automatically infer the time zone string based on the time zone of the computer
that is running ESPHome, but this might not always be accurate.
- **on_time** (*Optional*, :ref:`Automation <automation>`): Automation to run at specific intervals using
a cron-like syntax. See :ref:`time-on_time`.
- **on_time_sync** (*Optional*, :ref:`Automation <automation>`): Automation to run when the time source
could be (re-)synchronized.. See :ref:`time-on_time_sync`.
.. _time-has_time_condition:
``time.has_time`` Condition
***************************
This :ref:`Condition <config-condition>` checks if time has been set and is valid.
.. code-block:: yaml
# Example configuration
on_...:
if:
condition:
time.has_time:
then:
- logger.log: Time has been set and is valid!
# Example lambda
lambda: |-
if (id(my_time).now().is_valid()) {
//do something here
}
.. _time-on_time:
``on_time`` Trigger
*******************
This powerful automation can be used to run automations at specific intervals at
specific times of day. The syntax is a subset of the `crontab <https://crontab.guru/>`__ syntax.
There are two ways to specify time intervals: Either with using the ``seconds:``, ``minutes:``, ...
keys as seen below or using a cron alike expression like ``* /5 * * * *``.
Be aware normal cron implementations does not know about seconds like this esphome implementation, therefore you got 6 fields (seconds,minutes,hours,dayofmonth,month,dayofweek).
Basically, the automation engine looks at your configured time schedule every second and
evaluates if the automation should run.
.. code-block:: yaml
time:
- platform: sntp
# ...
on_time:
# Every 5 minutes
- seconds: 0
minutes: /5
then:
- switch.toggle: my_switch
# Every morning on weekdays
- seconds: 0
minutes: 30
hours: 7
days_of_week: MON-FRI
then:
- light.turn_on: my_light
# Cron syntax, trigger every 5 minutes
- cron: '* /5 * * * *'
then:
- switch.toggle: my_switch
Configuration variables:
- **seconds** (*Optional*, string): Specify for which seconds of the minute the automation will trigger.
Defaults to ``*`` (all seconds). Range is from 0 to 59.
- **minutes** (*Optional*, string): Specify for which minutes of the hour the automation will trigger.
Defaults to ``*`` (all minutes). Range is from 0 to 59.
- **hours** (*Optional*, string): Specify for which hours of the day the automation will trigger.
Defaults to ``*`` (all hours). Range is from 0 to 23.
- **days_of_month** (*Optional*, string): Specify for which days of the month the automation will trigger.
Defaults to ``*`` (all days). Range is from 1 to 31.
- **months** (*Optional*, string): Specify for which months of the year to trigger.
Defaults to ``*`` (all months). The month names JAN to DEC are automatically substituted.
Range is from 1 (January) to 12 (December).
- **days_of_week** (*Optional*, string): Specify for which days of the week to trigger.
Defaults to ``*`` (all days). The names SUN to SAT are automatically substituted.
Range is from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday).
- **cron** (*Optional*, string): Alternatively, you can specify a whole cron expression like
``* /5 * * * *``. Please note that years and some special characters like ``L``, ``#`` are currently not supported. Also, the day of week field is interpreted like the **days_of_week** variable (range from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday)) and not like other cron implementations would do it (range from 0 (Sunday) to 7 (Sunday)).
- See :ref:`Automation <automation>`.
In the ``seconds:``, ``minutes:``, ... fields you can use the following operators:
- .. code-block:: yaml
seconds: 0
An integer like ``0`` or ``30`` will make the automation only trigger if the current
second is **exactly** 0 or 30, respectively.
- .. code-block:: yaml
seconds: 0,30,45
You can combine multiple expressions with the ``,`` operator. This operator makes it so that
if either one of the expressions separated by a comma holds true, the automation will trigger.
For example ``0,30,45`` will trigger if the current second is either ``0`` or ``30`` or ``45``.
- .. code-block:: yaml
days_of_week: 2-6
# same as
days_of_week: MON-FRI
# same as
days_of_week: 2,3,4,5,6
# same as
days_of_week: MON,TUE,WED,THU,FRI
The ``-`` (hyphen) operator can be used to create a range of values and is shorthand for listing all
values with the ``,`` operator.
- .. code-block:: yaml
# every 5 minutes
seconds: 0
minutes: /5
# every timestamp where the minute is 5,15,25,...
seconds: 0
minutes: 5/10
The ``/`` operator can be used to create a step value. For example ``/5`` for ``minutes:`` makes an
automation trigger only when the minute of the hour is 0, or 5, 10, 15, ... The value in front of the
``/`` specifies the offset with which the step is applied.
- .. code-block:: yaml
# Every minute
seconds: 0
minutes: '*'
Lastly, the ``*`` operator matches every number. In the example above, ``*`` could for example be substituted
with ``0-59``.
.. warning::
Please note the following automation would trigger for each second in the minutes 0,5,10,15 and not
once per 5 minutes as the seconds variable is not set:
.. code-block:: yaml
time:
- platform: sntp
# ...
on_time:
- minutes: /5
then:
- switch.toggle: my_switch
.. _time-on_time_sync:
``on_time_sync`` Trigger
************************
This automation is triggered after a time source successfully retrieves the current time.
See the :ref:`DS1307 configuration example <ds1307-config_example>` for a scenario
where a network time synchronization from a home assistant server trigger a write
to an external hardware real time clock chip.
.. code-block:: yaml
on_time_sync:
then:
- logger.log: "Synchronized system clock"
.. note::
Components should trigger ``on_time_sync`` when they update the system clock. However, not all real time components
behave exactly the same. Components could e.g. decide to trigger only when a significant time change has been
observed, others could trigger whenever their time sync mechanism runs - even if that didn't effectively change
the system time. Some (such as SNTP) could even trigger when another real time component is responsible for the
change in time.
Use In Lambdas
--------------
To get the current local time with the time zone applied
in :ref:`lambdas <config-lambda>`, just call the ``.now()`` method like so:
.. code-block:: cpp
auto time = id(sntp_time).now();
Alternatively, you can use ``.utcnow()`` to get the current UTC time.
The returned object can either be used directly to get the current minute, hour, ... as numbers or a string can be
created based on a given format. If you want to get the current time attributes, you have these fields
==================== ======================================== ======================================== ====================
**Name** **Meaning** **Range (inclusive)** **Example**
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.second`` Seconds after the minute [0-60] (generally [0-59], 42
extra range is to accommodate leap
seconds.)
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.minute`` Minutes after the hour [0-59] 31
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.hour`` Hours since midnight [0-23] 16
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.day_of_week`` Day of the week, sunday=1 [1-7] 7 (saturday)
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.day_of_month`` Day of the month [1-31] 18
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.day_of_year`` Day of the year [1-366] 231
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.month`` Month, january=1 [1-12] 8 (august)
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.year`` Year since 0 A.C. [1970-∞[ 2018
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.is_dst`` Is daylight savings time false, true true
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.timestamp`` Unix epoch time (seconds since UTC [-2147483648 - 2147483647] (negative 1534606002
Midnight January 1, 1970) values for time past January 19th 2038)
-------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------
``.is_valid()`` Basic check if the time is valid false, true true
(i.e. not January 1st 1970)
==================== ======================================== ======================================== ====================
.. note::
Before the ESP has connected to the internet and can get the current time the date will be January 1st 1970. So
make sure to check if ``.is_valid()`` evaluates to ``true`` before triggering any action.
.. _strftime:
strftime
********
The second way to use the time object is to directly transform it into a string like ``2018-08-16 16:31``.
This is directly done using C's `strftime <http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/ctime/strftime/>`__ function which
allows for a lot of flexibility.
.. code-block:: cpp
# For example, in a display object
it.strftime(0, 0, id(font), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", id(time).now());
The strftime will parse the format string (here ``"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"``) and match anything beginning with
a percent sign ``%`` and a letter corresponding to one of the below formatting options and replace it
with the current time representation of that format option.
============= ============================================================== =========================
**Directive** **Meaning** **Example**
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%a`` Abbreviated **weekday** name Sat
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%A`` Full **weekday** name Saturday
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%w`` **Weekday** as decimal number, where 0 is Sunday and 6 6
is Saturday
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%d`` **Day of month** as zero-padded decimal number 01, 02, ..., 31
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%b`` Abbreviated **month** name Aug
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%B`` Full **month** name August
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%m`` **Month** as zero-padded decimal number 01, 02, ..., 12
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%y`` **Year** without century as a zero-padded decimal number 00, 01, ..., 99
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%Y`` **Year** with century as a decimal number 2018
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%H`` **Hour** (24-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number 00, 01, ..., 23
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%I`` **Hour** (12-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number 00, 01, ..., 12
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%p`` **AM or PM** designation AM, PM
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%M`` **Minute** as a zero-padded decimal number 00, 01, ..., 59
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%S`` **Second** as a zero-padded decimal number 00, 01, ..., 59
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%j`` **Day of year** as a zero-padded decimal number 001, 002, ..., 366
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%U`` **Week number of year** (Sunday as the first day of the week) 00, 01, ..., 53
as a zero-padded decimal number. All days in a new year
preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%W`` **Week number of year** (Monday as the first day of the week) 00, 01, ..., 53
as a zero-padded decimal number. All days in a new year
preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0.
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%c`` **Date and time** representation Sat Aug 18 16:31:42 2018
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%x`` **Date** representation 08/18/18
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%X`` **Time** representation 16:31:42
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
``%%`` A literal ``%`` character %
============= ============================================================== =========================
See Also
--------
- :apiref:`time/real_time_clock.h`
- :ghedit:`Edit`
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
:glob:
*
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