[debug] Add partition table logging to dump_config

This enhances the `DebugComponent` by adding functionality to log detailed partition table information during the `dump_config()` process. The partition table details are displayed in a clean, aligned format, providing developers with clear insights into the device's flash memory layout.

#### **Features:**
1. Logs the following attributes for each partition:
   - Name
   - Type
   - Subtype
   - Start Address
   - Size
2. Uses the `esp_partition` API for ESP32 devices running either Arduino or ESP-IDF.
3. Ensures alignment of columns for improved readability.

#### **Example Log Output:**
```
[23:37:05][C][debug:033]: Partition table:
[23:37:05][C][debug:034]:   Name         Type Subtype  Address    Size
[23:37:05][C][debug:038]:   nvs          1    2        0x00009000 0x00005000
[23:37:05][C][debug:038]:   otadata      1    0        0x0000E000 0x00002000
[23:37:05][C][debug:038]:   app0         0    16       0x00010000 0x003C0000
[23:37:05][C][debug:038]:   app1         0    17       0x003D0000 0x003C0000
[23:37:05][C][debug:038]:   eeprom       1    153      0x00790000 0x00001000
[23:37:05][C][debug:038]:   spiffs       1    130      0x00791000 0x0000F000
```

#### **Why This Change is Useful:**
1. **Improved Debugging:** Developers can verify partition configurations directly from logs, without requiring physical access or external tools.
2. **Diagnostic Aid:** Identifies potential issues related to insufficient partition sizes or incorrect layouts.
3. **Consistency:** Provides a clear and formatted output to improve log readability.

#### **Implementation Details:**
- **Platform-Specific:** The feature is implemented for ESP32 devices using the ESP-IDF framework.
- **Formatted Output:** Ensures aligned columns using fixed-width formatting for better clarity.

esphome/components/debug/debug_component.cpp

@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ void DebugComponent::dump_config() {
     this->reset_reason_->publish_state(get_reset_reason_());
   }
 #endif  // USE_TEXT_SENSOR
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+  this->log_partition_info_();  // Log partition information for ESP32
+#endif  // USE_ESP32
 }
 
 void DebugComponent::loop() {

esphome/components/debug/debug_component.h

@@ -55,6 +55,20 @@ class DebugComponent : public PollingComponent {
 #endif  // USE_ESP32
 #endif  // USE_SENSOR
 
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+  /**
+   * @brief Logs information about the device's partition table.
+   *
+   * This function iterates through the ESP32's partition table and logs details
+   * about each partition, including its name, type, subtype, starting address,
+   * and size. The information is useful for diagnosing issues related to flash
+   * memory or verifying the partition configuration dynamically at runtime.
+   *
+   * Only available when compiled for ESP32 platforms.
+   */
+  void log_partition_info_();
+#endif  // USE_ESP32
+
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
   text_sensor::TextSensor *device_info_{nullptr};
   text_sensor::TextSensor *reset_reason_{nullptr};

esphome/components/debug/debug_esp32.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <esp_heap_caps.h>
 #include <esp_system.h>
 #include <esp_chip_info.h>
+#include <esp_partition.h>
 
 #if defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32)
 #include <esp32/rom/rtc.h>
@@ -28,6 +29,23 @@ namespace debug {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "debug";
 
+void DebugComponent::log_partition_info_() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Partition table:");
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  %-12s %-4s %-8s %-10s %-10s", "Name", "Type", "Subtype", "Address", "Size");
+  esp_partition_iterator_t it = esp_partition_find(ESP_PARTITION_TYPE_ANY, ESP_PARTITION_SUBTYPE_ANY, NULL);
+  while (it != NULL) {
+    const esp_partition_t *partition = esp_partition_get(it);
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  %-12s %-4d %-8d 0x%08X 0x%08X",
+                  partition->label,
+                  partition->type,
+                  partition->subtype,
+                  partition->address,
+                  partition->size);
+    it = esp_partition_next(it);
+  }
+  esp_partition_iterator_release(it);
+}
+
 std::string DebugComponent::get_reset_reason_() {
   std::string reset_reason;
   switch (esp_reset_reason()) {